Mtor energy storage growth mechanism

What are mTOR complexes?

The two mTOR complexes are unusually large, measuring in the megadalton range, and they each direct distinct programs essential for maintaining basal cell function. mTORC1 regulates cellular metabolism in response to various stimuli, such as nutrients and growth factors, while mTORC2 plays a vital role in cell survival and glucose homeostasis.

How do specialized cells regulate mTOR Complex 1 activity?

In order to align mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity with tissue function, some specialized human cells may respond to unique inputs, adjust the weighting of upstream signals 262 or regulate mTORC1 through non-canonical mechanisms.

What is mTOR activation?

Activation of mTOR marks cellular entry into a ‘growth’ regime characterized by increases in both cell size and cell number. To keep pace with metabolic demand in these growing cells, mTORC1 and mTORC2 initiate biosynthetic cascades to support anabolism and cell proliferation.

How does mTORC1 regulate cell growth?

mTORC1 senses diverse environmental signals to regulate cell growth (Fig. 2a). These include growth factors, energy, oxygen, amino acids, cholesterol and glucose. How mTORC1 integrates these diverse signals, and whether it senses additional ones, remain important and active areas of investigation.

How does mTOR regulate learning and memory?

In collaboration with BDNF, mTOR regulates learning and memory by promoting translation at synapses through S6K1 and 4E-BP2 (ref. 212) in a manner that is dependent on neuronal activity (Fig. 5c). This localized translation is rapamycin-sensitive and is crucial for the remodelling of dendritic spines that accompanies long-term potentiation 213.

Does mTOR promote muscle growth?

Although the importance of mTOR signaling in promoting muscle growth is well appreciated by basic scientists and bodybuilders alike, the mechanisms underlying this process are still poorly understood, in part due to the difficulty of genetically manipulating multinucleate myocytes in vivo.