Lithium-ion battery supply chain pdf

Should lithium-based batteries be a domestic supply chain?

Establishing a domestic supply chain for lithium-based batteries requires a national commitment to both solving breakthrough scientific challenges for new materials and developing a manufacturing base that meets the demands of the growing electric vehicle (EV) and electrical grid storage markets.

What is the lithium-ion-battery-to-EV supply chain?

The lithium-ion-battery-to-EV supply chain has five fundamental sections. Each is intrinsically linked to the next, and the quality of the raw materials will directly affect the cost and quality of the EV being produced. The key battery raw materials of lithium, nickel, copper, cobalt, graphite, and manganese need to be mined from the ground.

What are the gaps in the lithium battery supply chain?

One of the most important gaps in the U.S. lithium battery supply chain is the lack of domestic equipment and tooling suppliers that make machinery used in the manufacture of lithium batteries and battery materials. Manufacturing equipment makers control vital know-how in lithium battery technology.

What policy developments are affecting the lithium battery supply chain?

The past year has seen many policy developments with implications for the U.S. lithium battery supply chain. The most significant are two laws, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 (IIJA) and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). The provisions of these two laws align with many of the recommendations made in this report.

Are lithium-ion batteries critical materials?

Given the reliance on batteries, the electrified transportation and stationary grid storage sectors are dependent on critical materials; today’s lithium-ion batteries include several critical materials, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite.13 Strategic vulnerabilities in these sources are being recognized.

Does the US rely on a global lithium battery supply chain?

By comparison, China-based companies capture 90% of the economic value of each lithium battery cell consumed in China. The United States relies (and, without intervention, will continue to rely) on a global lithium battery supply chain that is highly vulnerable to disruption, as seen in Figure 1. Two issues account for this vulnerability.